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Douglas Craig
| Adapted from: Goodstein, A. & Walworth, M. (1979). Interesting Deaf Americans. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University. Used with permission from the Gallaudet University Alumni Association. Revised by Vivion Smith and Ellen Beck |
Most people don't know the true story of the little boy who came to be known as Douglas Craig. He was found wandering around the streets of Washington, D.C. He could not hear or speak. He did not know his name or how old he was. He had no home. At night, he huddled in doorways and slept. Sometimes people pitied him and gave him food and clothing. If not, he ate what he could find in garbage cans.
It is said that a man named Craig found the little boy and took him to Dr. E. M. Gallaudet at Gallaudet College. Dr. Gallaudet gave him the first name of Douglas, and the last name of Craig, after the man who found him. The little boy became Douglas Craig.
Dr. Gallaudet placed Douglas in the Kendall School, and he stayed there until he was old enough to work. He spent his life working in and around the halls of Gallaudet. Consequently, all of the students who lived on Kendall Green during the days of Douglas Craig knew him. They have told enough stories about him to fill a book.
Douglas grew to become a tall, strong man. He was probably the best "handy man" that Gallaudet had ever had. He had many duties, such as picking up mail at the post office, mowing grass, raking leaves, tending the flower beds, raising and lowering the heavy drop curtain on the stage for plays in the chapel, and carrying notes from the boys to the girls. Clearly, he was a familiar sight on campus.
For years, Douglas lived in a room over the stable which once stood near the Ely Center. He liked to collect junk, and the stable loft was full of old tin bath tubs, bed springs, clothes, and stove pipe hats that other people had given to him. He once raised rabbits, guinea pigs, and white rats in the stable yard.
Douglas actively sought a wife during his life at Gallaudet. It is said that he asked all of the black cooks in the college kitchen to marry him. For a time, he courted a black woman from Baltimore. Since his courtship required letter-writing, and he was illiterate, he had a student in the college act as his "private secretary." Though that relationship did not work out, he did finally marry. Later in life, he married a black deaf woman from Washington. The wedding and reception took place in a church near the college, and most of the college faculty and teachers of the Kendall School were present. Douglas was dressed for the occasion in a full-dress suit with a white tie and white gloves.
The happy couple went to Baltimore for a honeymoon, but the honeymoon only lasted for one day. Their plans were cut short when Douglas' pocketbook containing about $300 was either lost or stolen.
Douglas never got very far from Washington, D.C. Gallaudet College was his world. He went to Norfolk, Virginia, once on a vacation, but he did not know what a vacation was. He spent the entire time working around the docks of Norfolk. He came home with a pocketful of money, and told everyone that he had a fine vacation.
Douglas' last public duty was to raise the flag to the top of the new flagpole in front of College Hall. He was very feeble at the time, and sat in a big armchair during the ceremonies. He died on February 11, 1936, but left a legend at Gallaudet that would live forever.
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John Lewis Clarke
| Adapted from: Goodstein, A. & Walworth, M. (1979). Interesting Deaf Americans. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University. Used with permission from the Gallaudet University Alumni Association. Revised by Vivion Smith and Ellen Beck |
In Glacier National Park, which is in the Rocky Mountains of Montana, there once roamed a little deaf Indian boy. He loved to wander in the forest, and made friends with the animals who lived there. Since he loved animals, he would observe them intently and learn their habits. This little Indian boy's name was John Lewis Clarke.
John Lewis Clarke's grandfather was a graduate from West Point and a captain in the U.S. Army. He was married to the daughter of a Blackfoot Indian Chief and adopted by the tribe. His son, John Lewis Clarke's father, also married an Indian princess, the daughter of Chief Stands Alone. Sadly, John's grandfather was later killed by Indians of another tribe near Helena, Montana.
John Lewis Clarke was not born deaf. He became ill at a young age with scarlet fever. Though he survived, he could no longer hear the sounds that the forest animals made. He could not hear his Indian friends when they called to him. Scarlet fever had caused him to lose his hearing. His Indian friends gave him the name Cutapuis (Cu-ta-pu-ee) which means, "man who talks not."
Because John could not talk, he could not tell his parents about his many animal friends in the forest and the exciting things that he saw, but he found another way to express himself. He made figures of them out of clay from the river banks. Later, when he was older, he learned to carve things out of wood. He loved to carve animals. With an axe and a pocket knife, he carved a life-sized image of a bear from a cedar trunk. The bear looked so real, the only thing missing was its growl.
When John was old enough to go to school, his parents sent him to the Fort Shaw Indian School. However, since he needed special education, he was transferred to a school for the deaf at Boulder, Montana. He also attended the School for the Deaf at Devil's Lake, North Dakota. When he was older, he enrolled at St. Francis Academy in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he studied wood carving.
While he was still in his teens, John returned to Montana and opened a studio. He began to carve all the animals he had known very well in his childhood, and offer them for sale. He made models of animals out of wood, clay, and stone. He painted pictures using water colors and oils, and did excellent pen and ink drawings. He began to make a name for himself as an artist.
John spent most of his 89 years at his home studio in Glacier Park. Every year when the park season was over, he continued his work in Great Falls, Montana, his second home. Many important people bought John's work. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., the famous multimillionaire, was one of them. John's work was on exhibit in many places in this country. John died on November 20, 1970. In his life-time, he literally carved his way to fame.
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Angels of Mercy
| Adapted from: Goodstein, A. & Walworth, M. (1979). Interesting Deaf Americans. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University. Used with permission from the Gallaudet University Alumni Association. Revised by Vivion Smith and Ellen Beck |
The child in the hospital bed was just waking up afer having his tonsils taken out. His throat hurt, and he was scared. However, the young nurse standing by his bed smiled so cheerfully that the little boy smiled back. He forgot to be afraid. The young nurse was May Paxton and she was deaf.May Paxton graduated from the Missouri School for the Deaf at Fulton near the year 1909. Three years later she went to see Dr. Katherine B. Richardson about becoming a nurse. Dr. Richardson was one of the founders of Mercy Hospital of Kansas City, Missouri. She had never heard of a deaf nurse. Dr. Richardson told May that her salary would be very small and that the work would be arduous. However, May said that hard work did not frighten her. Dr. Richardson was impressed with her, and accepted May as a student nurse.Dr. Richardson never regretted her decision. In fact, she was so pleased with May's work that she later accepted two other deaf women as student nurses. The first was Miss Marian Finch of Aberdeen, South Dakota, who was hard of hearing. The second was Miss Lillie "Bessie" Speaker of St. Joseph, Missouri. These three were called "the silent angels of Mercy Hospital" during the time they worked there.May and Marian did not know each other before Marian was hired by the hospital. When Marian first came to the hospital, Dr. Richardson introduced May to Marian. She showed them to the room they were to share. During the next two days, the two girls wrote notes to each other. Finally, other nurses asked Marian if she knew that May was deaf. Marian ran to the bedroom and asked May in sign if she really was deaf. May answered in sign. Then, as the joke sunk in, the two girls burst into laughter.May was always conscientious about following orders. Only once did she disobey Dr. Richardson. It took a lot of time to care for all the sick children, as a result, Dr. Richardson asked the nurses not to take the time to hold the new babies when they were crying. However, May hated to see the babies cry. When Dr. Richardson was not around, she found time to hold them. This small change helped the nursery to run much more smoothly. When Dr. Richardson discovered what May was doing, she recognized that May's actions had improved the nursery, and decided to overlook May's disobedience.In spite of their success, none of the girls finished the nursing program. Marian had to go back to South Dakota because of a family problem. Illness forced Bessie to give up her nursing carreer. May decided to give up nursing for marriage, and married Alexander Benoit.
Dr. Richardson often spoke of her faith in the girls' ability to learn nursing. She wrote to May, "For three years, you have been with us ... It is wonderful to me that no man, woman or child ever, to my knowledge, made a complaint against you ... "
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Erastus Smith
Adapted from: Goodstein, A. & Walworth, M. (1979). Interesting Deaf Americans. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University.
Used with permission from the Gallaudet University Alumni Association.
One of the largest counties in Texas is named for Captain Erastus "Deaf" Smith, a deaf man. Captain Smith was the leader of General Sam Houston's scouts during the Texas Revolution, the war in which Texas won its freedom from Mexico. The county named in his honor is called Deaf Smith County.
A scout in the days of the Texas Revolution was much like a spy is today. Captain "Deaf" Smith would find out where enemy troops were camped and how many men the enemy had, and he would report to Sam Houston. Even when other people could not see or hear any sign of people or animals, Captain Smith would know where they were. Sometimes he would guide Texas troops through enemy territory without the enemy even knowing they were there.
Erastus Smith was born in New York on April 19,1787, but went to live in Mississippi when he was 11 years old. He went to Texas for a short time in 1817, and four years later returned to Texas to stay. He wandered over Texas as a surveyor before he volunteered for army service after the start of the Texas Revolution.
Smith married a Mexican woman, and they had four children- three girls and one boy. He spent a lot of time learning the customs, manners, and language of the Mexican settlers. When the Texas Revolution began in 1835, Smith initially refused to take part in it out of respect for his family's heritage. However, after Mexican troops tried to stop him from going to San Antonio to visit his family, he volunteered for service with the Texans. He was made a captain.
The first major battle of the Texas Revolution occurred in February, 1836, at an old fort called the Alamo. Nearly 6,000 Mexican soldiers fought against only 187 Texans. The Texans managed to defend the fort for twelve days, but in the end, all 187 Texans were killed in the battle.
General Houston was very upset by the fall of the Alamo to Mexican General Santa Anna. He sent Captain Smith to get more details. Smith returned bringing with him Mrs. Almeron Dickerson and her 15-month-old baby. Mrs. Dickerson had been the only American woman at the Alamo.
It was the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, that made sure Texas would be free from Mexico. Before the battle, General Santa Anna had received 400 new troops to strengthen his army. However, the troops were tired when they arrived, and Santa Anna ordered a rest period.
Meanwhile, in order to cut off the Mexicans' escape in case General Houston's troops were successful in defeating them, Captain Smith suggested that an important bridge that had been used by the enemy should be torn down. General Houston agreed. He told Smith to take a group of men armed with axes and do the job.
Then, Houston and 783 Texans made a surprise attack on the 1,000 resting Mexican soldiers. General Santa Anna tried to escape. Wearing only red slippers and a blue dressing gown, he jumped onto a horse and galloped off in the direction of the bridge. But because the bridge was gone, his escape plans were ruined, and he was captured the next day.
During the Battle of San Jacinto, Smith rode back and forth across the field behind the Texans waving his axe to let them know that the bridge was destroyed. He called to the fighters: "The bridge is down! They can't get away! Victory or death!"
Erastus Smith was 49 years old at the time of the Battle of San Jacinto. He died about a year and a half later, on November 30, 1837, at the age of 50.
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